selamectin (trade names, revolt manufactured by aurora pharmaceutical & revolution manufactured by zoetis ) is a topical parasiticide and anthelminthic used on dogs and cats. it treats and prevents infections of heartworms, fleas, ear mites, sarcoptic mange (scabies), and certain types of ticks in dogs, and prevents heartworms, fleas, ear mites, hookworms, and roundworms in cats. it is structurally related to ivermectin and milbemycin. selamectin is not approved for human use.

usage
the drug is applied topically. it is isopropyl alcohol based, packaged according to its varying dosage sizes and applied once monthly. it is not miscible in water.

selamectin disables parasites by activating glutamate-gated chloride channels at muscle synapses. selamectin activates the chloride channel without desensitization, allowing chloride ions to enter the nerve cells and causing neuromuscular paralysis, impaired muscular contraction, and eventual death.

the substance fights both internal and surface parasitic infection. absorbed into the body through the skin and hair follicles, it travels through the bloodstream, intestines, and sebaceous glands; parasites ingest the drug when they feed on the animal's blood or secretions.

selamectin has been found to be safe and effective in a 2003 review.

selamectin has high safety ratings, with less than 1% of pets displaying side effects[citation needed]. in cases where side-effects do occur, they most often include passing irritation or hair loss at the application site. symptoms beyond these (such as drooling, rapid breathing, lack of coordination, vomiting, or diarrhea) could be due to shock as a result of selamectin killing heartworms or other vulnerable parasites present at high levels in the bloodstreams of dogs.[citation needed] this would be a reaction due to undetected or underestimated infections prior to using the medication, rather than an actual allergic reaction to the drug itself.

ciclosporin, also spelled cyclosporine and cyclosporin, is a calcineurin inhibitor, used as an immunosuppressant medication. it is a natural product. it is taken by mouth or by injection into a vein for rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, crohn's disease, nephrotic syndrome, and in organ transplants to prevent rejection. it is also used as eye drops for keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes).

common side effects include high blood pressure, headache, kidney problems, increased hair growth, and vomiting. other severe side effects include an increased risk of infection, liver problems, and an increased risk of lymphoma. blood levels of the medication should be checked to decrease the risk of side effects. use during pregnancy may result in preterm birth; however, ciclosporin does not appear to cause birth defects.

ciclosporin is believed to work by decreasing the function of lymphocytes. it does this by forming a complex with cyclophilin to block the phosphatase activity of calcineurin, which in turn decreases the production of inflammatory cytokines by t-lymphocytes.

ciclosporin was isolated in 1971 from the fungus tolypocladium inflatum and came into medical use in 1983. it is on the world health organization's list of essential medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system. in 2017, it was the 248th most commonly prescribed medication in the united states, with more than one million prescriptions that year.

medical uses
ciclosporin is approved by the fda to treat and prevent graft-versus-host disease in bone marrow transplantation and to prevent rejection of kidney, heart, and liver transplants. it is also approved in the us for treating of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, persistent nummular keratitis following adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis, and as eye drops for treating dry eyes caused by sj?gren's syndrome and meibomian gland dysfunction.

in addition to these indications, ciclosporin is also used in severe atopic dermatitis, kimura disease, pyoderma gangrenosum, chronic hives, acute systemic mastocytosis, and posterior or intermediate uveitis with noninfective cause.[citation needed] it is also used, albeit infrequently, in severe rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases.[citation needed]

ciclosporin has also been used in people with acute severe ulcerative colitis and hives that do not respond to treatment with steroids.

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carmustine (bis-chloroethylnitrosourea, bcnu, bicnu) is a medication used mainly for chemotherapy. it is a nitrogen mustard ß-chloro-nitrosourea compound used as an alkylating agent.

description
carmustine is an orange-yellow solid medication used mainly for chemotherapy. it is a nitrogen mustard ß-chloro-nitrosourea compound.

mechanism of action
as an alkylating agent, carmustine can form interstrand crosslinks in dna, which prevents dna replication and dna transcription.[citation needed]

uses
carmustine is used as an alkylating agent to treat several types of brain cancer including glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, medulloblastoma and astrocytoma), multiple myeloma, and lymphoma (hodgkin's and non-hodgkin).

bcnu is sometimes used in conjunction with alkyl guanine transferase (agt) inhibitors, such as o6-benzylguanine. the agt-inhibitors increase the efficacy of carmustine by inhibiting the direct reversal pathway of dna repair, which will prevent formation of the interstrand crosslink between the n1 of guanine and the n3 of cytosine.

it is also used as part of a chemotherapeutic protocol in preparation for hematological stem cell transplantation, a type of bone marrow transplant, in order to reduce the white blood cell count in the recipient. use under this protocol, usually with fludarabine and melphalan, was developed by oncologists at the university of texas md anderson cancer center.[citation needed]

carmustine (bis-chloroethylnitrosourea, bcnu, bicnu) is a medication used mainly for chemotherapy. it is a nitrogen mustard ß-chloro-nitrosourea compound used as an alkylating agent.

description
carmustine is an orange-yellow solid medication used mainly for chemotherapy. it is a nitrogen mustard ß-chloro-nitrosourea compound.

mechanism of action
as an alkylating agent, carmustine can form interstrand crosslinks in dna, which prevents dna replication and dna transcription.[citation needed]

uses
carmustine is used as an alkylating agent to treat several types of brain cancer including glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, medulloblastoma and astrocytoma), multiple myeloma, and lymphoma (hodgkin's and non-hodgkin).

bcnu is sometimes used in conjunction with alkyl guanine transferase (agt) inhibitors, such as o6-benzylguanine. the agt-inhibitors increase the efficacy of carmustine by inhibiting the direct reversal pathway of dna repair, which will prevent formation of the interstrand crosslink between the n1 of guanine and the n3 of cytosine.

it is also used as part of a chemotherapeutic protocol in preparation for hematological stem cell transplantation, a type of bone marrow transplant, in order to reduce the white blood cell count in the recipient. use under this protocol, usually with fludarabine and melphalan, was developed by oncologists at the university of texas md anderson cancer center.[citation needed]